Buddhism and all that Jazz...

Here I am on the edge of academia -- right in the butt crack of the two cheeks of Harvard and MIT: Central Square. To be more accurate, I'm not in the crack -- I wanted to be in the crack, but my planned pilgrimage to 1369 Coffee House ended in despair as I realized that the cliche of having a coffee and blogging on your MacBook already had its quota filled at the Central Square establishment and I would have to take my 21st century technology enhanced middle-class musings elsewhere. So I'm a little left of the crack, grasping at the hairy tendrils of the outer limits of Harvard's campus at a neighboring Au Bon Pain. Thank God they have wireless. I probably would have had a hissy fit and mope over my americano, all the time wallowing in the misery of not sharing my existential crisis with the rest of cyberspace. Fortunately, you're getting the rant now and the dose-response curve of my caffeine absorption is just starting to look up.

It has been over a month since I've graced the presence of my own blog, so what impetus could get me off of my mathematical ass and write for a change? Good question. Aside from it being IAP and not having the normal grind of course work, I suppose I just felt inspired to share some thoughts related to a book I recently read: Buddha for Beginners.

I really got a kick out of this book. Not only is it well-illustrated, but the author, Stephen T. Asma, is a professor of philosophy at Columbia College in Chicago, and really tries to give a no-nonsense summary of Buddha's life, the various principles and schools of Hinduism, how Buddha's original teachings departed from these ideas, and how later sects have found their own inspired path to Enlightenment. The presentation is very clear and has really helped me crystallize my understanding of Buddhism. So surprise! You're going to get a book report and I will use someone else's words as a surrogate for my own.

What is the natural starting point for most religions? God. He (she, it, thing, flying rattapotamus, whatever) is kind of a big deal for most people. Thanks to this abstract label of "God" we have had a simple three letter monosyllabic word for not only all the monstrosity of creation, but also any conceivable reason to do or not do something, including, but not limited to, why touching yourself is "immoral" and pretty much any reason why you should hate or love, kill or help anyone at anytime. It probably is worth repeating: God is kind of a big deal. So, How do our Hindu friends view God?

God, in the Upanishads, is the creative originating principle for the entire cosmos. All of nature is in a relentless state of flux or becoming. Animals grow old and perish, seasons come and go, political empires pass away, solar systems arise and collapse...and bell-bottoms go in and out of fashion. All these things make up the ever-changing world of "Becoming", but these are really only manifestations of the all-encompassing reality. The all-encompassing foundation is Being itself or Brahman, which is the source of all created things. Underlying all the changes of the natural world lies the changeless essential reality of God. (pp. 37-38)

Shit... "creative originating principle"!? I thought God was some dude in robes who sat on a chair with an awesome white beard that looks like it has been conditioned with Pantene Pro-V every morning and evening since the birth of the Universe. He's not a "principle," he's an auto-mechanic, the engineer of the Universe, and he even takes Sundays off to watch football and drink beer. What is this Hindu hogwash?

In the Hindu tradition, however, God is not only the antecendent and transcendent world-maker, Brahman is also the world itself. The natural world around us, that we encounter on a daily basis, is not simply God's created artifact -- it is Brahman itself. The natural world is just a manifestation of God and the two cannot really be separated (p. 40)

Okay, well I've heard my Christian friends say "God is everywhere," but the anthropomorphization of the Birkenstock-wearing big old dude in the clouds still seems to be the mental model many people in the West have of God. Naturally, the Hindu pantheistic viewpoint of God aligns nicely with the derived spirituality of many western thinkers who I admire -- Einstein, Spinoza, et al -- and to people who have really studied physics, I think the "God:=The Universe" is the mental model for many scientists and mathematicians. The question "Do you believe in God?" really seems to be a poisoned apple, if you believe in anything, and the universe seems to be plausible thing to believe in, then it almost seems absurd to say "No." The quicksand starts because no one ever states clearly their definition for God, so agreeing with the question is guaranteed trouble. However, this post isn't about God, and the Hindu conception of Brahman is incorporated in Buddhist thinking as well. The main difference between Hinduism and Buddhism (aside from the caste system, the status of women, etc) is the belief in a soul or Atman:

More important for understanding the Buddha's philosophical revolution is the related Hindu concept of Atman or "soul." Just as there is this permanent essential reality underlying Nature called Being or Brahman, there is also an unchanging dimension of human beings -- namely, Atman. The principal less of the Upanishads is that both the fluctuating cosmos and the ever-changing material human body are only distracting veils (maya) over the important spiritual reality. Tn the case of human beings, there is a changeless soul or "ego" that provides the continuity beneath the fleeting material person. (p. 42)

The last, and perhaps most difficult part of Hindu philosophy for us to understand is the relationship between Brahman and Atman. Brahman is God and Atman is the individual self, but in a deeper sense they are both the same thing. Most properly speaking, there is only one permanent reality and that is God, but the individual selves are manifestations or expressions of God temporarily separated from itself. There is an ideal unity of the soul of the human (Atman) and the soul of the universe (Brahman). Individual selves are related to God like sparks to a fire...or water droplets to the sea - they are not qualitatively different and yet they are temporarily estranged from each other... The transcendent un-manifested Brahman does not need to achieve liberation from ignorance, because it is already completely perfected and free. But the eternally Divine God seeks to express itself through many conscious selves because in this way it is able to rise above ignorance. As the cosmic play unfolds, human egos continue to conquer the challenges of living and realize self-knowledge. With this conquering of ignorance we are reunited with the Universal Consciousness and this saga is one of the infinite expressions that flow from Brahman. The aim of the Cosmic Dance is to celebrate itself. (pp. 47-48)

Wow. Ok. Sounds great. Sign me up. But before I do that we should take a look at the Buddha's view on things. The trouble with the above picture as I see it (and apparently as the Buddha saw it) is this posited "soul" or "ego" or "Atman." Living only hop, skip and a jump away from one of the most active centers for brain research, lends one to question the metaphysical status of the "I." Apparently the most radical difference between Buddhism and Hinduism is "Anatman" or a belief in no-Self!

To argue that there is no immortal self is to pull a very comforting rug out from under religious thinking. The idea that some part of us lives on and on is pleasing and satisfies our craving for immortality. According to the Buddha, however, satisfying cravings is not the path to truth.

Not only is there no evidence for an immortal self, but to believe in its existence, according to the Buddha, will lead to an immoral life. It leads to evil because such a belief is ultimately ego-centered and selfish, and human beings will be unable to free themselves if they are seeking rewards in their future lives. In the Samyutta Nikaya, the Buddha states:

"All formations are transient; all formations are subject to suffering; all things are without a self (anatman). Form is transient, feeling is transient, perception is transient, mental formations are transient, consciousness is transient."

According to the Buddha, realizing and understanding that we have no immortal self or soul is part of the enlightenment process is a feature of our awakening. (pp. 51-53)

Wow! Holy shit! The Buddha was actually more materialistic and rational than one would expect! In one fell swoop we have undermined the basis for most Judeo-Christian-Islamic ethics: Fear of an afterlife. Not only do we reject the notion of a soul that persists after death, but we go as far to argue that acting out of fear of consequences in potentially experienced during the after life can lead to immoral behavior since the desire to avoid pain in the afterlife actually is a selfish endeavor (suicide bombers and crusaders go without further mention).

Okay, so what about the perceived continuity of "my" experiences?

The ego that ties together all of one's perceptions and feelings and thoughts is figmentary, according to the Buddha. Contrary to Descartes, we cannot deduce the existence of an "I" from the act of thinking (cogitating). A person is really only a bundle of perceptions.

There is nothing "substantially" the same in my childhood and adulthood, but the causal process itself gives a kind of continuity between bundles of thoughts and impressions.

The Buddha dispels the myth of the metaphysical self (atman) as an underlying entity through life spans. But he understands that each person feels a sense of themself as a self or ego. This palpable experience of the "I" is not completely illusory, for the Buddha claims that it is produced out of the combinations or conjunctions of feeling (vedana), perception (sanna), disposition (sankhara), consciousness (vinnana) and body (rupa). These are the five aggregates (khanda) or bundles of personhood and though each of these is impermanent and always fluctuating, they combine in the "felt" sense of the personal ego. (pp. 58-59)

What is interesting is that Buddhism does not discard the notion of Karma, but instead recasts it into a perceived quality of cause and effect. Instead of letting materialism devolve into a hedonistic frenzy of drinking, drug-taking and fornicating, the Buddha felt that these were just causes of more suffering (when done in excess) and the goal of Buddhism is to (as pragmatically as possible) reduce suffering. We must reject the afterlife and "the wheel of becoming" if we are ever truly going to become free. At the core of the Four Noble Truths

1. All existence is suffering (dukkha)
2. Suffering is caused by craving or attachment.
3. Suffering can end through non-attachment.
4. The way to end suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path.

is that we become attached to our perceptions and our lives, this in turn causes suffering. As Professor Stephen T. Asma so eloquently explicates:

Suffering flows from clinging attachment which mistakes impermanent things and sensations for lasting and permanent realities. Attachment is a confusion, in the mind and the heart, that tries to capture or solidify that which is forever in flux. (p. 80)

Although I disagree that "All existence is suffering" the core issue that "Suffering is caused by attachment" rings truer every time I hear it. What is interesting is that the Buddha dwells less on metaphysical musing in favor of trying to implement a pragmatic "general life principle" for ending one's own suffering. This "Noble Eightfold Path" outlined in the Samyutta Nikaya text advises:

1. Right Understanding
2. Right Mindedness
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
5. Right Living
6. Right Effort
7. Right Attentiveness
8. Right Concentration

What I love about Buddhism is the idea that one should use the Noble Eightfold Path to pursue the Middle Way between the two extremes of indulgence and asceticism. It is neither dogmatism nor moral relativism, it is contextual and adaptable to the situation. Coolest of all, is that for Buddhism intellectual rigor is a "virtue" and ignorance is a "sin." As Asma explains the first step on the Noble Eightfold Path, logical thinking is not at odds with Enlightenment.

Right Understanding: Similar to Socrates's famous position that the good life is the "examined" life, the Buddha believes that intellectual and emotional confusion must be grappled with on a daily basis. Right Understanding occurs when one pierces through the veil of naive consciousness (thinking of ourselves as Ego) to arrive at the true nature of things. The Buddha, and Socrates after him, understood that clarity of thought was most difficult regarding issues where the passions had a strong interest. One has to be especially vigilant for the temptations that can arise from the aggregate sensations. (p. 87)

What is more interesting... is that original Buddhism treats intellectual rigor as a virtue and ignorance as a sin. Some later sects of Buddhism have shared similar hostilities with Western Religions towards the intellect, claiming that ignorant faith is more important than logical thought. Right Understanding is the thoughtful discernment that helps a person see past the quick-fix gratifications to long-range karmic implications. Critical thinking, for the Buddha, is part of the moral path to freedom, for it allows one to recognize internal confusion. (p. 89)

Hot Damn! A religion that embraces critical thinking, advocates the use of Aristotle's rule of the Golden Mean (balance between dogmatism and relativism) and is fundamentally pantheistic-borderline-atheistic. Everything else is just rules of thumb and practices to help end suffering. Sounds good to me. Meditation, at the end of the day, is just time to come to center and appreciate a state of freedom from worldly suffering.

I think this one is a winner, yet Buddhism as Professor Asma presents may depart from what most of my fellow Westerners think Buddhism is. To conclude this excessively long post, I offer Asma's own Postscript:

To actually examine the complex debates of early and later Buddhism is an eye-opening experience. For some time now, the West has been stereo-typing the East as a convenient "other" -- a land of intuition and enigma. Philosophical traditions like Buddhism are seen as deeply irrational, inherently mysterious and ultimately inscrutable. Lamentably, this stereotype has been used by those Rationalist Westerners who hope to feel superior to the "backward" Eastern people. But more recently, the same stereotype is being employed by "New Age" Westerners to elevate irrationalism and mysticism -- claiming Eastern intuitionism as the righteous path out of Western exploitation and alienation. One group shots out Buddhism's difference from Western Philosophy with derision in their voices, and the other group shouts out Buddhism's difference with adoration in their voices.

The irony of all this is that when one actually digs beneath the piles of self-improvement styled pop-spiritual dreck to find the original source material of both traditions, an astounding solidarity of common questions and methods emerges. Aristotle and the early Hinayana philosophers, for example, struggle with very similar questions of permanence and change in quite analogous ways. Or compare Gautama's and the Stoic Epictetus's moral philosophy, where a similar self mastery of the passions becomes the highest freedom in a real world of servitude. In short, anybody who thinks that Buddhists are less rational than Westerners, should read their Nagarjuna. And anybody who thinks that Westerners are narrowly logistic, should read their Plato. (p. 143)

Emerson and the American Transcedentalist

As part of my coursework in 21W.775 (Writing about Nature and Environmental Issues), we've started reading Ralph Waldo Emerson's first serious work "Nature." Upon reading the first half, I'm completely blown away at the ideas that Emerson was turned onto way back in 1836. I quote:

"Whenever a true theory appears, it will be its own evidence. Its test is, that it will explain all phenomena" (P. 3)

ALL PHENOMENA?!?!?!?

So maybe he's reaching a little bit there, and really can't hope for such lofty goals. Does Emerson tuck his tail between his legs and step down a few layers of transcendental abstraction? Hardly...

"Standing on the bare ground -- my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space -- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God." (p. 6)

I became a transparent eyeball... At this point of reading the essay, I was expecting Allen Ginsburg and Ram Dass to come skipping over the hillsides to join Emerson, chanting "Hare Krishna, Hare, Hare..." while The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane are helping Thoreau outfit his cabin with the latest and greatest stroboscopic lights and audio feedback effects.

But seriously, Emerson seems totally turned onto a whole way of thinking, that seems culturally disconnected from him. At times his musings seem almost painfully and obviously Buddhist in nature.

"Who looks upon a river in a meditative hour and is not reminded of the flux of all things?" (p. 14)

The answer, Emerson buddy pal, is pretty much the majority of Western Civilization isn't reminded of the impermanence of all things. At times when reading Emerson, I find it hard to believe that this is a guy in Massachusetts and not some ambitious American monk taking up sanctuary in a Tibetan monastery.

The number of jewels of insight that Emerson packs into this sub 40 page essay truly is remarkable. I leave you with these few morsels, because otherwise I'd be quoting verbatim the entire work. The number of ideas that Emerson and his Transcendental Club seem tuned into a full 130 years before the counter-culture movement of the 1960s is suggestive that there is a rich tradition to be explored here. That sense of longing that so many of us Western spiritual children of the East have by being misplaced physically in this wide world is quelled when we find a great grandfather of American literature spiritually and physically close to home.

Quantum Mechanics and Experience

One of the classes I'll be taking this semester is 24.111 - Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. Today I just bought the required text, Quantum Mechanics and Experience by David Z. Albert. The book looks pretty good, with a solid layman introduction to the foundational principles of quantum mechanics.

My dance with Quantum Mechanics (QM) has been a really interesting one. Prior to my coursework this past year at Cambridge, I objected to the conclusions of quantum mechanics advertised in popular science books because it ran against my mental model of the universe. My struggles with the conceptual foundations of QM were very much in the same vein as Einstein's critique of the theory. The idea that probability has a real existent status deeply troubled me. Always before, probability was a description of averages and distributions. A coin toss -- the idol of probability -- was still fundamentally governed by Newton's Laws, the forces in the room, the initial configuration of the coin in your hand, the torque, the impulse of your thumb on the coin, the chaotic turbulence of the air molecules in the room, the list goes on but all the initial configurations and momenta could theoretically be specified and then the entire motion could be simulated as the solution of a large system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) -- Laplace's Demon all over again. But QM is a whole different bag of nuts... Instead of solving specifically for things like position and momentum and energy, you have state vectors, and your eigenfunctions of these operators form the basis of an infinite-dimensional space known as Hilbert space. What's new about all of this is that our description of a particle is described by the time evolution of the coefficients of each of these eigenfunctions. Now we can't perceive this superposition, but rather -- and this is the really crazy bit of the whole theory -- only the eigenfunctions can be measured. So our particle is like a point wandering around in infinite dimensional Hilbert space when no one is looking. It's like Mr. Observer finally shines his flashlight in the car window and asks "Hey!?! What are you kids doing?!?" and our couple is always caught in any one of these (usually an infinite number of) compromising positions, but they're never caught scrambling to put clothes on or in a acrobatic transition or superposition of pages of the Kama Quantum Sutra.

So it will be interesting to see what insights 24.111 will bring, and complemented with 18.102 - Introduction to Functional Analysis, this should be a tantalizing semester spent exploring Hilbert space!

Anamnesis: PKD and Plato

So today I decided to treat myself to a new book: The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings

I've always enjoyed the thoughts of PKD and this appears to be an excellent compilation of his philosophical corpus. In August 2006, I read A Scanner Darkly and Valis in rapid succession. At times, I found myself getting really wrapped up and carried away with the ideas in Valis. I became intrigued with the idea that there is some sort of secret knowledge to be attained and that the attainment of said knowledge could lead to the transcendence of the current level of reality.

Of course as a rational thinker, when making a coherent mental model of reality I can't completely ignore sense-data. However, as a mathematician I also feel that there are structures that are in some sense more fundamentally real then the things which I perceive with my five senses. When comparing the statements

1. Snow is white.
2. Over the ring of integers, 1+1=2.

one seems to be a directly contingent truth (potentially different in other possible worlds), while the other is tautologically true given the definitions, axioms and rules for inference. Certainly a formal system has a sort of self-contingent truth status that stands upon legs that are summoned seemingly out of nowhere, but mathematicians don't like to just invent symbols and rules of manipulation for shits and giggles, rather there is a genuine attempt to intuit structure that is "out there" and formulate this structure into a rigorous mental model.

Although mathematicians are careful creatures -- when pressed they will fall back into a more conservative outlook on the ontological status of mathematics -- when we are not observed, we tend to really believe in the Platonist outlook -- that there is a realm of fundamental forms that exists on a different level from our material universe and that the interplay between these worlds is as beautiful and intriguing as we could possibly hope for.

This leads me finally to the key word in the title of this post: Anamnesis. Lawrence Sutin describes it as "the recollection of the archetypal realm of Ideas of Plato" and he hits the nail on the head. He uses it to describe what is for PKD ideally the case, with the other option being that people like Plato, Hermes Trismegistus, The Gnostics, PKD and a lot of mathematicians (maybe not all at once) are all totally wacked out bouncing-bananas-in-straight-jackets crazy.